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1.
Adicciones ; 0(0): 1797, 2023 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36975067

RESUMO

In recent years, studies have highlighted the upward trend in electronic cigarette use among adolescents, as well as the potential of e-cigarette use to lead to subsequent conventional cigarette use. The study's aims were two-fold: 1) to examine the progression from e-cigarette use to conventional cigarette use; and 2) to analyze the differences in the severity of smoking pattern among dual users (i.e., e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use), cigarette-only smokers, and e-cigarette-only users in a Spanish adolescent population. Data were obtained from the ESTUDES, a representative survey of addictive behaviors of Spanish adolescents aged 14-18, which was comprised of 38,010 adolescents (Mage = 15.69; SD = 1.19; 51.35% females). Results indicate that lifetime e-cigarette use increased the prevalence of subsequent conventional cigarette use by 1.86 times (95% CI 1.74, 1.99), and the prevalence of conventional cigarette use in the last month by 2.38 times (95% CI 2.19, 2.58), independently of whether the e-cigarette contains nicotine or not. Dual users showed a higher percentage of daily smokers, and a greater number of cigarettes per day, a higher use of e-cigarettes with nicotine, and an earlier age of smoking onset. Regarding risk perception, e-cigarette-only users perceived both conventional tobacco and e-cigarettes as less harmful (all p-values < .001). These findings document the strength of association between e-cigarette and conventional cigarettes, and underscore the importance of developing legal restrictions and prevention strategies aimed at reducing e-cigarette use, which in turn would reduce tobacco use.


En los últimos años, algunos estudios han destacado la tendencia ascendente en el uso del cigarrillo electrónico entre adolescentes, así como el potencial para el posterior consumo de cigarrillos convencionales. Este estudio tuvo dos objetivos: 1) examinar la progresión del cigarrillo electrónico al cigarrillo convencional; y 2) analizar las diferencias en el patrón de gravedad del tabaquismo entre consumidores duales (i.e., cigarrillos electrónicos y convencionales), fumadores de cigarrillos y consumidores de cigarrillos electrónicos. Los datos se obtuvieron de la encuesta ESTUDES, una encuesta nacional que recoge información de conductas adictivas en adolescentes entre 14 y 18 años, la cual consta de 38 010 personas (Medad = 15,69; DT = 1,19; 51,35% mujeres). Los resultados indicaron que haber usado alguna vez un cigarrillo electrónico incrementó la probabilidad de un consumo posterior de cigarrillos 1,86 veces (IC 95% 1,74-1,99), y la probabilidad de consumir tabaco en el último mes 2,38 veces (IC 95% 2,19-2,58), independientemente de si los cigarrillos electrónicos contienen o no nicotina. Los consumidores duales mostraron un mayor porcentaje de fumadores diarios, un mayor número de cigarrillos al día, un mayor uso de cigarrillos electrónicos con nicotina y una edad de inicio más temprana. Con respecto a la percepción de riesgo, los adolescentes que han usado solo cigarrillos electrónicos percibían tanto el tabaco como los cigarrillos electrónicos como menos dañinos (todos los valores p < ,001). Estos hallazgos indican la fuerte asociación entre los cigarrillos electrónicos y los convencionales, y subrayan la importancia de desarrollar restricciones legales y estrategias preventivas dirigidas al cigarrillo electrónico, lo que reduciría a su vez el consumo de tabaco.

2.
Psicothema (Oviedo) ; 35(1): 41-49, 2023. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-215060

RESUMO

Background: “Juego de Llaves” [Set of Keys] is a universal school-based prevention program for adolescents aged 12-15. It is aimed at reducing drug use and other addictive behaviors. This paper describes the full protocol for the evaluation design, instruments, randomization procedure, follow-ups, and primary outcomes. Method: Non-Randomized Control Cluster Trial in a set of Spanish secondary schools, with follow-ups at 12-, 24- and 36-months. Participants will be allocated to an experimental or control group. Using a digital application designed for the study, a battery of instruments will be used to assess addictive behaviors, sociodemographic variables, school climate and other transdiagnostic psychological variables. Results: A pilot test will be carried out to test the implementation protocol and to calculate the sample size needed for outcome evaluation. After implementing the program, longitudinal statistical approaches will be used to report intervention efficacy and potential moderators and mediators. Conclusions: There is a lack of assessments on the effectiveness of school prevention programs, and this paper is expected to improve monitoring and ongoing evaluation in prevention.(AU)


Introducción: “Juego de Llaves” es un programa de prevención escolar universal para adolescentes entre 12 y 15 años. Tiene como objetivo reducir el uso de drogas y la implicación en otras conductas adictivas. Se describe un protocolo completo del diseño de evaluación, los instrumentos, el procedimiento de aleatorización, los seguimientos y las variables de resultado. Método: ensayo por conglomerados no aleatorizado en centros escolares españoles de educación secundaria obligatoria con seguimientos a los 12, 24, y 36 meses. Los participantes serán asignados a un grupo experimental o control. A través de una app específicamente diseñada para este estudio, se utilizará una batería de instrumentos de evaluación para conductas adictivas, variables sociodemográficas, clima escolar y otras variables psicológicas transdiagnósticas. Resultados: Se realizará una aplicación piloto para probar el protocolo diseñado y calcular el tamaño muestral necesario para la evaluación de resultados. Posteriormente, se aplicará el programa y se realizarán análisis de datos de tipo longitudinal para informar de la eficacia de la intervención y de los posibles moderadores y mediadores. Conclusiones: Existen pocas evaluaciones de la efectividad de los programas de prevención escolar y se espera que este artículo contribuya, como modelo, a fomentar la cultura de la evaluación.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Comportamento Aditivo/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Análise por Conglomerados , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Psicologia , Psicologia Social , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Longitudinais , Espanha
3.
Pap. psicol ; 43(1): 55-62, ene./abr. 2022. tab
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-209883

RESUMO

El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar las actividades y proyectos llevados a cabo por la Comisión de Test del Consejo General de Psicología de España para mejorar la calidad y el uso de los test. Se repasan los proyectos más relevantes de la comisión durante sus veinticinco años de existencia, describiendo los trabajos llevados a cabo para a) conocer las opiniones y actitudes de los psicólogos hacia los test, b) evaluar la calidad de los test editados en España, y c) desarrollar estándares, directrices y códigos éticos y deontológicos que mejoren la práctica de los test. También se resaltan otras actividades de la comisión de carácter formativo, así como sus relaciones con otras organizaciones internacionales con fines similares. Finalmente se llevan a cabo algunas refiexiones sobre los retos futuros de la Comisión de Test, haciendo hincapié en el papel clave que tendrán las nuevas tecnologías en la evaluación psicológica.(AU)


The objective of this paper is to present the activities and projects carried out by the Spanish Test Commission, established by the Spanish Psychological Association to improve the quality and use of tests. The most relevant projects of the commission during its twenty-five years of existence are reviewed, describing the work carried out: a) to understand the opinions and attitudes of psychologists towards the tests, b) to evaluate the quality of the tests published in Spain, and c) to develop standards, guidelines, and ethical and deontological codes to improve testing practices. The commission's other activities of a formative nature are also highlighted, as well as its relationships with other international organizations with similar purposes. Finally, several refiections on the future challenges of the Test Commission are shared, emphasizing the key role new technologies will have in psychological assessment.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Testes Psicológicos , Psicometria , Determinação da Personalidade , Comportamento , Espanha , Psicologia , Psicologia Clínica , Psicologia Social , Telepsicologia
4.
Rev. psicol. clín. niños adolesc ; 8(2): 17-22, May. 2021. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-218334

RESUMO

Technological development has enabled the use of sophisticated methods for assessing multiple human behaviors. Despite the advantages of these newtechnologies, concerns exist regarding their equivalence with paper-based measures in epidemiological and health-related surveys. To date, literature on thistopic in relation to adolescents is virtually nonexistent. This study compares respondents’ performance on the same survey using both paper- and electronic tab-let-based assessment methods. A final sample of 135 adolescents (mean age 17.30 years, SD = 0.59; 56.3% males) consecutively completed two versions ofthe same survey on gambling behaviors and two questionnaires: The Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) and the South Oaks Gambling Screening-Re-vised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA). An ad-hoc questionnaire assessing participants’ satisfaction levels with each method was also used. The digital surveyyielded a lifetime, past year, and past month gambling prevalence of 54.1%, 45.2%, and 27.4%, respectively. Paper-based prevalence rates were 3.7-5.2%lower (all p < .092) and there were discrepancies in gambling activities. Although the reliability of the questionnaires was high in both formats, total scores wereconsistently higher in the paper-based format. GMQ and SOGS-RA intraclass correlations between versions ranged from .856-.884. Unexpectedly, studentspreferred the paper-based survey to the e-assessment (51.5% vs. 48.5%) and also enjoyed it more (31.3% vs 26.1%). Paper- and tablet-based surveys yielddifferent, albeit non-statistically significant, estimations of gambling behaviors even when the same participants were surveyed at one time. We recommend thatconsistency be routinely checked across assessment formats when adapting paper-and-pencil measures to digital formats.(AU)


El desarrollo tecnológico ha permitido el uso de métodos sofisticados de evaluación de múltiples comportamientos humanos.A pesar de los avances de estas nuevas tecnologías, existen preocupaciones sobre su equivalencia con las medidas de papel y lápiz en encuestas epidemio-lógicas y de salud. Hasta la fecha, la literatura en el tema en relación con los adolescentes es prácticamente inexistente. Este estudio compara el desempeñode los participantes sobre la misma encuesta utilizando métodos de evaluación de papel y lápiz y electrónicos. Una muestra de 135 adolescentes (edad media17.30 años, DT = 0.59; 56.3% hombres) completaron consecutivamente os versiones de la misma encuesta sobre conductas de juego y dos cuestionarios: elCuestionario de Motivos de Juego (GMQ) y el Cribado de Juego de South Oaks en su versión revisada para adolescentes (SOGS-RA). También se utilizó uncuestionario ad-hoc para evaluar el nivel de satisfacción de los participantes en cada método. La encuesta digital arrojó una prevalencia de juego vida, año y mesde 54,1%, 45,2%, y 27,4%, respectivamente. Las prevalencias en papel fueron 3,7-5,2% menores (todas p < ,092) y se mostraron discrepancias en las activi-dades de apuestas. A pesar de que la fiabilidad de los cuestionarios fue alta en ambos formatos, las puntuaciones totales fueron consistentemente más altas enel formato en papel. Las correlaciones intraclase en el GMQ y SOGS-RA oscilaban entre ,856 - ,884. Inesperadamente, los estudiantes preferían la encuestaen papel sobre el formato digital (51,5% vs. 48,5%) y también lo disfrutaron más (31,3% vs 26,1%). La encuesta en papel y en tableta electrónica mostraronestimaciones diferentes, aunque no estadísticamente significativas, en las conductas de juego...(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Jogos de Vídeo , Aplicativos Móveis , Smartphone , Tempo de Tela , Psicologia do Adolescente , Psicologia da Criança , Inquéritos e Questionários
5.
Pap. psicol ; 42(2): 94-104, Mayo, 2021. tab
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-224910

RESUMO

Los test son importantes herramientas que ayudan a los profesionales de la Psicología a tomar decisiones sobre las personas. Para plantear acciones encaminadas a mejorar su uso, es importante determinar qué factores afectan a las opiniones que los psicólogos tienen sobre la práctica de los test. El presente estudio analiza el rol de tres factores: el género, la edad y el sector laboral (público vs. privado). Asimismo, se contrasta la opinión de los profesionales colegiados con las de los profesores universitarios que imparten asignaturas relacionadas con los test y su uso (Psicometría y Evaluación Psicológica o Psico-educativa). Tras analizar una muestra de 1.248 colegiados y 95 profesores de distintas universidades, los resultados muestran algunas diferencias de opinión en función de todos los factores considerados. Se analizan los resultados y sus implicaciones de cara al futuro. (AU)


Tests are important tools that help psychologists to make decisions about people. In order to propose actions aimed at improvingthe use of tests, it is important to determine what factors relate to psychologists’ opinions about testing practices. In this study weassess the role of three factors: gender, age, and job sector (public vs. private). In addition, we compare professionals’ opinions with those reported by professors of test-related subjects (psychometrics, and psychological and psycho-educational assessment). After analyzing a sample of 1,248 members of the Spanish Psychological Association and 95 professors from different universities, results show some differences in opinions across all the factors analyzed. Results and future challenges are discussed. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Testes Psicológicos , Prova Pericial , Psicologia , Distribuição por Idade e Sexo , Mercado de Trabalho , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários
6.
Pap. psicol ; 41(3): 163-173, sept.-dic. 2020.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-197403

RESUMO

La polémica sobre la naturaleza científica de la Psicología tiene que ver necesariamente con la idea de ciencia y con los criterios que sirven para demarcarla. Se pasa revista a distintas ideas filosóficas sobre la ciencia con sus respectivos criterios de demarcación y se defiende la pluralidad de las ciencias, que no son reducibles unas a otras. La Psicología se concibe, así mismo, como una ciencia plural, en tensión entre las ciencias naturales y humanas, en la que el desarrollo histórico aún no ha llevado a un monismo teórico ni metodológico. Esta pluralidad es la fuente de la dificultad para desarrollar un criterio de demarcación tanto para la Psicología, como para la psicoterapia. Finalmente se analizan los problemas para establecer los criterios de demarcación para la Psicología y la psicoterapia, y se proponen los principales aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta a la hora de construirlos


The controversy over the scientific nature of psychology necessarily has to do with the idea of science and the criteria that demarcate it. Different philosophical ideas about science are reviewed with their respective demarcation criteria, and the plurality of the sciences, which are not reducible to each other, is supported. Psychology is also conceived as a plural science, in tension between the natural and human sciences, and in which historical development has not yet led to theoretical or methodological monism. This plurality is the source of the difficulty in developing a criterion of demarcation for both psychology and psychotherapy. Finally, the problems in establishing the demarcation criteria for psychology and psychotherapy are analyzed, and the main aspects that must be taken into account when constructing them are proposed


Assuntos
Humanos , Teoria Psicológica , Filosofia , Ciência/normas , Psicologia , Psicoterapia , Modelos Psicológicos , Ciências da Saúde , Prática Profissional
7.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 942020 Oct 14.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33056957

RESUMO

Between March and May 2020, the Spanish Ministry of Health and the Spanish Psychological Association created the Psychological First Care Service (Servicio de Primera Ayuda Psicológica-SPAP), a national helpline designed to provide early psychological intervention to those people affected by COVID-19. This service attended more than 15,000 calls and carried out more than 11,000 interventions and 9,500 follow-ups with the general population, healthcare and other essential professionals and the patients and relatives of the sick or deceased. Results show that the majority of calls (45.7%) came from the Autonomous Community of Madrid, that women significantly used this service in a higher proportion than men (73.5%) and that the commonest age range among users was 40-59. 75.9% of consultations were related to psychological problems linked to anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, grief symptoms also stood out among the patients or relatives of the sick and deceased and, to a lesser extent, stress symptoms were prevalent in the group of professionals. These data show the usefulness of this early psychological care service and the need for similar resources to be implemented in coordination with or within the National Health System.


Entre marzo y mayo de 2020, el Ministerio de Sanidad y el Consejo General de la Psicología de España, pusieron en marcha el Servicio de Primera Ayuda Psicológica (SPAP), un servicio telefónico para toda España, diseñado para proveer atención psicológica temprana a las personas afectadas por la COVID-19. En el tiempo en que el servicio estuvo disponible, se gestionaron 15.170 llamadas, que condujeron a realizar 11.417 intervenciones psicológicas con personal sanitario y otros intervinientes, con enfermos y familiares de enfermos o fallecidos, y población general. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de llamadas (45,7%) provenían de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, que hubo significativamente más mujeres que utilizaron el servicio (73,5%) y que el rango de edad más común entre los usuarios era el de 40-59 años. El 75,9% de las consultas tuvo que ver con problemas psicológicos relacionados con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, aunque también destacaba la sintomatología de duelo entre los enfermos o familiares de enfermos y fallecidos y, en menor medida, la sintomatología de estrés en el grupo de intervinientes. Estos datos muestran la necesidad de este servicio de atención psicológica temprana y sugieren que recursos como este deberían implementarse de manera integrada en el Sistema Nacional de Salud.


Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/psicologia , Intervenção na Crise/métodos , Utilização de Instalações e Serviços/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia Viral/psicologia , Telemedicina/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/etiologia , Ansiedade/terapia , COVID-19 , Criança , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Intervenção na Crise/organização & administração , Intervenção na Crise/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Depressão/terapia , Feminino , Pesar , Humanos , Masculino , Serviços de Saúde Mental/organização & administração , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Prevalência , SARS-CoV-2 , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Telemedicina/organização & administração , Telemedicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Telefone , Adulto Jovem
9.
Pap. psicol ; 41(1): 1-15, ene.-abr. 2020. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-190927

RESUMO

Los test son los instrumentos de medida más utilizados por los psicólogos para obtener datos que les ayuden a tomar decisiones sobre las personas. Conocer las opiniones de los profesionales de la psicología acerca de la práctica de los test es fundamental para plantear acciones encaminadas a mejorar su uso en nuestro país. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer con detalle lo que piensan los psicólogos españoles sobre el uso de los test. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 30 ítems sobre distintos aspectos de la práctica de los test. Respondieron 1.248 colegiados, 73,7% mujeres, con una edad media de 46,31 años y una desviación tí-pica de 11,08. Los resultados muestran unas actitudes favorables de los psicólogos al uso de los test, si bien se ponen de manifiesto algunos aspectos que es necesario mejorar. Se analizan los resultados y se comentan algunas ideas sobre el futuro de lostest


Tests are the measuring instruments most used by psychologists to obtain data that help them make decisions about people. It isessential to understand the opinions of psychology professionals regarding the practical implementation of tests, in order to propose and organize actions aimed at improving their use. The objective of this research is to understand in detail what Spanish psychologists think about the use of tests in our country. A 30-item questionnaire on the different aspects of testing practices was administered. The questionnaire was answered by 1,248 members of the Spanish Psychological Association, 73.7% women, with an average age of 46.31 years, and a standard deviation of 11.08. The results show favorable attitudes of Spanish psychologiststo the use of tests in the exercise of their profession, although some aspects that need to be improved are presented. Results are discussed, and some ideas about the future of tests are analyzed


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Testes Psicológicos , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tomada de Decisões , Análise de Dados , Análise Fatorial , Análise de Variância , Espanha
11.
J Gambl Stud ; 36(1): 1-22, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31168687

RESUMO

Young adulthood is a developmental period from late adolescence to one's late twenties or early thirties. Prevalence studies internationally have reported that individuals in this age group tend to have the highest rates of problem gambling. However, much of the prevention work designed to minimize the risk of problem and disordered gambling has been primarily focused on school settings and aimed at high school students. The objective of this study was to summarize the existing literature on the effectiveness of prevention programs aimed at reducing the prevalence of gambling problems in young adults. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Six electronic academic databases were consulted in order to examine the studies conducted during the last 20 years. After removing duplicates and adhering to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine studies were included in this review. All studies targeted college or university students and followed a selective or indicated prevention strategy. A Personalized Normative Feedback approach was incorporated in most of the studies, which had generally good results in reducing and/or minimizing at-risk or problem gambling. The limited number of studies included in this review highlights the need to address scientific quality standards before proceeding with the design, implementation and widespread dissemination of these preventive programs as well as the need to ensure the program's efficacy prior to implementation.


Assuntos
Jogo de Azar/terapia , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Comportamento Problema/psicologia , Identificação Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Prevalência , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
12.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 94: 0-0, 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-194519

RESUMO

Entre marzo y mayo de 2020, el Ministerio de Sanidad y el Consejo General de la Psicología de España, pusieron en marcha el Servicio de Primera Ayuda Psicológica (SPAP), un servicio telefónico para toda España, diseñado para proveer atención psicológica temprana a las personas afectadas por la COVID-19. En el tiempo en que el servicio estuvo disponible, se gestionaron 15.170 llamadas, que condujeron a realizar 11.417 intervenciones psicológicas con personal sanitario y otros intervinientes, con enfermos y familiares de enfermos o fallecidos, y población general. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de llamadas (45,7%) provenían de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, que hubo significativamente más mujeres que utilizaron el servicio (73,5%) y que el rango de edad más común entre los usuarios era el de 40-59 años. El 75,9% de las consultas tuvo que ver con problemas psicológicos relacionados con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, aunque también destacaba la sintomatología de duelo entre los enfermos o familiares de enfermos y fallecidos y, en menor medida, la sintomatología de estrés en el grupo de intervinientes. Estos datos muestran la necesidad de este servicio de atención psicológica temprana y sugieren que recursos como este deberían implementarse de manera integrada en el Sistema Nacional de Salud


Between March and May 2020, the Spanish Ministry of Health and the Spanish Psychological Association created the Psychological First Care Service (Servicio de Primera Ayuda Psicológica-SPAP), a national helpline designed to provide early psychological intervention to those people affected by COVID-19. This service attended more than 15,000 calls and carried out more than 11,000 interventions and 9,500 follow-ups with the general population, healthcare and other essential professionals and the patients and relatives of the sick or deceased. Results show that the majority of calls (45.7%) came from the Autonomous Community of Madrid, that women significantly used this service in a higher proportion than men (73.5%) and that the commonest age range among users was 40-59. 75.9% of consultations were related to psychological problems linked to anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, grief symptoms also stood out among the patients or relatives of the sick and deceased and, to a lesser extent, stress symptoms were prevalent in the group of professionals. These data show the usefulness of this early psychological care service and the need for similar resources to be implemented in coordination with or within the National Health System


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Consulta Remota/organização & administração , Telemedicina/organização & administração , Sistemas de Apoio Psicossocial , Telepsicologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/psicologia , Psicoterapia/métodos , Intervenção na Crise/organização & administração , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Quarentena/psicologia , Telefone , Linhas Diretas/organização & administração
14.
J Gambl Stud ; 35(1): 63-78, 2019 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30604031

RESUMO

Although alcohol, tobacco and cannabis are the most prevalent drugs used by adolescents, gambling is a growing concern due to its increasing popularity. To date there have been few studies exploring the existing patterns of concurrent use of drugs and gambling in adolescents. This study aims to identify subpopulations of adolescents using different substances and gambling activities, to explore gender differences and to examine impulsivity as a predictor of class membership. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 22 high-schools, and 1644 adolescents were assessed (54.1% males; mean age = 15.21 years, SD = .75). Participants reported their last-year frequency of using alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, as well as bingo, poker, other casino games, sports betting, lottery, scratch tickets and electronic gaming machines. Problem drinking was evaluated with the Rutgers Alcohol Problems Index, and gambling severity with the South Oaks Gambling Scale for Adolescents. Impulsivity was assessed using a Delay Discounting task, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the Impulsive Sensation-Seeking Scale. Based on a latent class model of drugs and gambling activities, four subpopulations of males and five of females were found. General impulsivity and sensation seeking were the most consistent predictors of class membership. These novel findings support the need to consider specific groups of adolescents engaging in different patterns of addictive behaviors when implementing selective prevention strategies.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Comportamento Impulsivo , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Desvalorização pelo Atraso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto Jovem
15.
Adicciones ; 31(3): 212-220, 2019 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30059581

RESUMO

Self-reported reasons for gambling have been highlighted as crucial to understanding why adults develop problems with gambling. However, research on motives among adolescents remains scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the factorial structure of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) and to analyze differences in motives among adolescents, depending on the gambling activity and level of gambling severity. A total of 698 adolescent gamblers (M = 15.24, SD = .76) were assessed. As well as the GMQ, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS-RA) questionnaire was used. Gamblers were classified into three categories (strategic, non-strategic, and mixed) according to the activities engaged in during the last year. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis in order to explore the internal structure of the GMQ. Three two-way between-groups Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were conducted to explore differences in motives according to the type of activity and the gambling severity levels. According to the factorial structure of the GMQ, three main groups of motivations were found: enhancement, coping and social. Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers scored higher on all motives. Moreover, gamblers seeking enhancement prefer strategic games, those gambling to cope with stress use non-strategic games more frequently, while social gamblers do not show a preference for either strategic or non-strategic games. In conclusion, gambling motives are related to gambling severity and structural characteristics of gambling. These findings may be useful from a prevention standpoint.


Los motivos de juego han sido considerados como variables clave para comprender el desarrollo de problemas asociados al mismo en adultos. Sin embargo, la literatura sobre las motivaciones de los adolescentes para jugar es escasa. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la estructura factorial del Cuestionario de Motivos de Juego (GMQ) y analizar las diferencias de los motivos de los adolescentes según la actividad de juego y la gravedad de los problemas asociados. Se evaluó una muestra de 698 jugadores adolescentes (M = 15,24, DT = ,76) a los que se les aplicó, además del GMQ, el cuestionario South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS-RA). Los jugadores fueron clasificados en tres categorías (estratégicos, no estratégicos, mixtos) según el tipo de juegos utilizados durante el último año. Para el estudio de la estructura interna del GMQ se realizó un primer Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y un segundo Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Se emplearon tres Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) de dos vías para evaluar las diferencias en motivos entre los niveles de gravedad y tipo de actividad. De acuerdo con la estructura factorial del GMQ, existen tres principales grupos de motivaciones para jugar: búsqueda de emociones positivas, afrontamiento del estrés y causas sociales. En comparación con los jugadores sin problema, los jugadores problemáticos puntuaron más alto en todos los motivos. Además, los jugadores que buscan emociones positivas se decantan más por los juegos estratégicos, los que utilizan el juego para afrontar el estrés utilizan más los no estratégicos, mientras que los jugadores sociales no presentan preferencia por ninguno de los dos. En conclusión, la motivación para jugar se encuentra en relación con la gravedad y las características del juego. Estos resultados son de utilidad desde el punto de vista de la prevención.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Motivação , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários
16.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 31(3): 212-220, 2019. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-185208

RESUMO

Los motivos de juego han sido considerados como variables clave para comprender el desarrollo de problemas asociados al mismo en adultos. Sin embargo, la literatura sobre las motivaciones de los adolescentes para jugar es escasa. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la estructura factorial del Cuestionario de Motivos de Juego (GMQ) y analizar las diferencias de los motivos de los adolescentes según la actividad de juego y la gravedad de los problemas asociados. Se evaluó una muestra de 698 jugadores adolescentes (M = 15,24, DT = ,76) a los que se les aplicó, además del GMQ, el cuestionario South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS-RA). Los jugadores fueron clasificados en tres categorías (estratégicos, no estratégicos, mixtos) según el tipo de juegos utilizados durante el último año. Para el estudio de la estructura interna del GMQ se realizó un primer Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y un segundo Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Se emplearon tres Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) de dos vías para evaluar las diferencias en motivos entre los niveles de gravedad y tipo de actividad. De acuerdo con la estructura factorial del GMQ, existen tres principales grupos de motivaciones para jugar: búsqueda de emociones positivas, afrontamiento del estrés y causas sociales. En comparación con los jugadores sin problema, los jugadores problemáticos puntuaron más alto en todos los motivos. Además, los jugadores que buscan emociones positivas se decantan más por los juegos estratégicos, los que utilizan el juego para afrontar el estrés utilizan más los no estratégicos, mientras que los jugadores sociales no presentan preferencia por ninguno de los dos. En conclusión, la motivación para jugar se encuentra en relación con la gravedad y las características del juego. Estos resultados son de utilidad desde el punto de vista de la prevención


Self-reported reasons for gambling have been highlighted as crucial to understanding why adults develop problems with gambling. However, research on motives among adolescents remains scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the factorial structure of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) and to analyze differences in motives among adolescents, depending on the gambling activity and level of gambling severity. A total of 698 adolescent gamblers (M = 15.24, SD= .76) were assessed. As well as the GMQ, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS-RA) questionnaire was used. Gamblers were classified into three categories (strategic, non-strategic, and mixed) according to the activities engaged in during the last year. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis in order to explore the internal structure of the GMQ. Three twoway between-groups Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were conducted to explore differences in motives according to the type of activity and the gambling severity levels. According to the factorial structure of the GMQ, three main groups of motivations were found: enhancement, coping and social. Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers scored higher on all motives. Moreover, gamblers seeking enhancement prefer strategic games, those gambling to cope with stress use non-strategic games more frequently, while social gamblers do not show a preference for either strategic or non-strategic games. In conclusion, gambling motives are related to gambling severity and structural characteristics of gambling. These findings may be useful from a prevention standpoint


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Motivação , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários
17.
Int. j. clin. health psychol. (Internet) ; 18(3): 235-244, sept.-dic. 2018. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-182050

RESUMO

Background/Objective: Although alcohol, tobacco and cannabis are the most widely consumed drugs, sparse data exist regarding polydrug use in adolescents and its relationship with impulsivity. This study aims to identify trajectories of polydrug use and analyze differences in impulsivity between them. Method: A total of 1,565 adolescents (54.4% males; mean age = 13.02, SD = 0.57) were annually assessed over three years using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Zuckerman Impulsive Sensation Seeking Scale, a Stroop Test and a Delay Discounting Task. Frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, intoxication episodes and problem drinking were also assessed. Polydrug trajectories were identified using latent class mixed modelling. To examine differences in self-reported and behavioral impulsivity two mixed multivariate analyses of covariance were used. Results: Three trajectories of substance use were found. The ‘Experimental use' and the 'Early use' trajectories presented the lowest and highest impulsivity, respectively. Substance use increases in the ‘Telescoped used’ trajectory were associated with parallel increases in impulsivity. Conclusions: individuals with divergent patterns of substance use during adolescence differ in their impulsiveness, primarily in general impulsivity and sensation seeking. Present findings suggest the relevance of these facets as possible targets for interventions preventing the onset and escalation of substance use


Antecedentes/Objetivo: A pesar de que el alcohol, tabaco y cánnabis son las drogas más utilizadas, existen pocos estudios sobre policonsumo y su relación con la impulsividad en adolescentes. Los objetivos de este estudio son identificar trayectorias de policonsumo y analizar diferencias en impulsividad. Método: Se evaluaron anualmente 1.565 adolescentes (54,4% hombres; edad media = 13,02, DT = 0,57) durante tres años usando la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt, la Escala de Búsqueda de Sensaciones de Zuckerman y las Tareas de Stroop y Descuento por Demora. Se evaluó el uso de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis, uso problemático de alcohol y borracheras. Se usaron modelos mixtos de clases latentes y análisis mixtos multivariados de covarianza. Resultados: Se encontraron tres trayectorias de policonsumo. Las trayectorias de "Uso experimental" y "Uso temprano" presentaron los menores y mayores niveles de impulsividad, respectivamente. Los incrementos en el consumo de la trayectoria de "Escalamiento" se asociaron con incrementos paralelos en la impulsividad. Conclusiones: Las personas con distintos patrones de consumo de sustancias durante la adolescencia difieren en sus niveles de impulsividad, principalmente en impulsividad general y búsqueda de sensaciones. Los resultados sugieren la relevancia de estas facetas como dianas para prevenir el inicio y escalamiento del consumo


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Comportamento Impulsivo , Comportamento do Adolescente , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiologia , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/estatística & dados numéricos , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia
18.
Int J Clin Health Psychol ; 18(3): 235-244, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30487929

RESUMO

Background/Objective: Although alcohol, tobacco and cannabis are the most widely consumed drugs, sparse data exist regarding polydrug use in adolescents and its relationship with impulsivity. This study aims to identify trajectories of polydrug use and analyze differences in impulsivity between them. Method: A total of 1,565 adolescents (54.4% males; mean age = 13.02, SD = 0.57) were annually assessed over three years using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Zuckerman Impulsive Sensation Seeking Scale, a Stroop Test and a Delay Discounting Task. Frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, intoxication episodes and problem drinking were also assessed. Polydrug trajectories were identified using latent class mixed modelling. To examine differences in self-reported and behavioral impulsivity two mixed multivariate analyses of covariance were used. Results: Three trajectories of substance use were found. The 'Experimental use' and the 'Early use' trajectories presented the lowest and highest impulsivity, respectively. Substance use increases in the 'Telescoped used' trajectory were associated with parallel increases in impulsivity. Conclusions: individuals with divergent patterns of substance use during adolescence differ in their impulsiveness, primarily in general impulsivity and sensation seeking. Present findings suggest the relevance of these facets as possible targets for interventions preventing the onset and escalation of substance use.


Antecedentes/Objetivo: A pesar de que el alcohol, tabaco y cánnabis son las drogas más utilizadas, existen pocos estudios sobre policonsumo y su relación con la impulsividad en adolescentes. Los objetivos de este estudio son identificar trayectorias de policonsumo y analizar diferencias en impulsividad. Método: Se evaluaron anualmente 1.565 adolescentes (54,4% hombres; edad media = 13,02, DT = 0,57) durante tres años usando la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt, la Escala de Búsqueda de Sensaciones de Zuckerman y las Tareas de Stroop y Descuento por Demora. Se evaluó el uso de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis, uso problemático de alcohol y borracheras. Se usaron modelos mixtos de clases latentes y análisis mixtos multivariados de covarianza. Resultados: Se encontraron tres trayectorias de policonsumo. Las trayectorias de "Uso experimental" y "Uso temprano" presentaron los menores y mayores niveles de impulsividad, respectivamente. Los incrementos en el consumo de la trayectoria de "Escalamiento" se asociaron con incrementos paralelos en la impulsividad. Conclusiones: Las personas con distintos patrones de consumo de sustancias durante la adolescencia difieren en sus niveles de impulsividad, principalmente en impulsividad general y búsqueda de sensaciones. Los resultados sugieren la relevancia de estas facetas como dianas para prevenir el inicio y escalamiento del consumo.

19.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 42(10): 2022-2032, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30059163

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The directionality of the relationship between impulsivity and heavy drinking patterns remains unclear. Recent research suggests it could be reciprocal and depends on different facets of impulsivity and different patterns of drinking. The aim of this study was to analyze this potential reciprocal relationship between self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity and sensation seeking with specific patterns of heavy drinking in a sample of Spanish adolescents across 2 years. METHODS: The study has a cross-lagged prospective design in which participants were evaluated 3 times over 2 years (once a year). Participants were 1,430 adolescents (53.9% male; mean age at study commencement = 13.02, SD = 0.51) from 22 secondary schools in Spain. Computerized versions of the following instruments were used: 2 subscales of Impulsive Sensation Seeking, 2 behavioral measures (Stroop Test and Delay Discounting [DD] task), frequency of intoxication episodes (IE), and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index to evaluate alcohol-related problems (ARP). Random intercepts cross-lagged panel models of reciprocal relationships between impulsivity measures and alcohol use outcomes were used. RESULTS: Individual levels of self-reported impulsivity and sensation seeking significantly predicted prospective involvement in IE and ARP. Performance in behavioral measures (Stroop Test and DD) did not predict subsequent heavy drinking or alcohol problems. No measure of drinking was found to be a significant predictor of prospective changes in impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Within-person levels of self-reported impulsivity and sensation seeking significantly predicted further heavy drinking from as early as 13 years old, whereas behavioral measures were not predictive. In our study, neither IE nor ARP predicted prospective changes in impulsivity. Further studies should address additional specific relationships between facets of impulsivity and specific outcomes of heavy drinking.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Comportamentos de Risco à Saúde , Comportamento Impulsivo , Autorrelato , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/psicologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Feminino , Previsões , Comportamentos de Risco à Saúde/fisiologia , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo/fisiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/tendências
20.
Addict Behav ; 85: 164-172, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29910036

RESUMO

Although impulsivity and sensation seeking have been consistently associated with substance use, few studies have analyzed the relationship between changes in these variables and substance use in early adolescents. The aim of this study was to identify trajectories of impulsivity and sensation seeking and explore their relationship with substance use and heavy drinking. A total of 1342 non-user adolescents (53.6% males; mean age = 12.98, SD = 0.50) annually completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Zuckerman's Impulsive Sensation Seeking scale and a delay discounting task, over a total period of three years. Past alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, drunkenness episodes (DE) and problem drinking were also assessed. Impulsivity trajectories were explored using latent class mixed modelling. To study their predictive power binary logistic regressions were used. Two trajectories of impulsivity were found in males and five were found in females. Males with an increasing impulsivity trajectory were more likely to report tobacco [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84] and cannabis (OR = 3.01) use, DE (OR = 2.44) and problem drinking (OR = 3.12). The early increasing trajectory in females predicted tobacco use (OR = 3.71), cannabis use (OR = 5.87) and DE (OR = 3.64). Lack of premeditation and delay discounting were the most relevant facets in high-risk trajectories. Selective intervention and more intense and tailored treatment might help these adolescents to reduce early increases in impulsivity and prevent escalation of substance use.


Assuntos
Intoxicação Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Desvalorização pelo Atraso , Comportamento Impulsivo , Uso da Maconha/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Classes Latentes , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Assunção de Riscos , Fatores Sexuais , Espanha/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia
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